Im not 100% sure but the answer "A. states had emerged as the uncontested authority in Europe" Seems the most reasonable. Its either A or D But i would pick A
The climate in northern Russia determines the vegetation to be of tundra type.
Explanation:
Northern Russia is on a very high latitude, and very close to the North Pole. Because this area receives very little and very scattered sunlight, it is very cold for most of the year. That has resulted in the area being frozen for most of the year, the growing season to be very short, and the soil quality very poor.
The vegetation that exists here has had to develop special adaptations because of the extreme conditions. It is vegetation of tundra type. This vegetation is usually very small, from few mm to few cm. The requirements for nutrition are very low, with very small roots, and adaptations on the surface to prevent water evaporation and freezing. Such plants are:
- mosses
- lichens
- dwarf shrubs
- sedges
- grasses
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