Answer:
There are 20 different standard L-α-amino acids used by cells for protein construction. Amino acids, as their name indicates, contain both a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group. This difunctionality allows the individual amino acids to join in long chains by forming peptide bonds: amide bonds between the -NH2 of one amino acid and the -COOH of another. Sequences with fewer than 50 amino acids are generally referred to as peptides, while the terms, protein and polypeptide, are used for longer sequences. A protein can be made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The end of the peptide or protein sequence with a free carboxyl group is called the carboxy-terminus or C-terminus. The terms, amino-terminus and N-terminus, describe the end of the sequence with a free α-amino group.
The amino acids differ in structure by the substituent on their side chains. These side chains confer different chemical, physical, and structural properties to the final peptide or protein. The structures of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins are shown in Figure 1. Each amino acid has both a one-letter and three-letter abbreviation. These abbreviations are commonly used to simplify the written sequence of a peptide or protein.
figure1-Protein-Structure
Depending on the side-chain substituent, an amino acid can be classified as being acidic, basic or neutral. Although 20 amino acids are required for synthesis of various proteins found in humans, we can synthesize only ten. The remaining 10 are called essential amino acids and must be obtained in the diet.
The amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded in DNA. Proteins are synthesized by a series of steps called transcription (the use of a DNA strand to make a complimentary messenger RNA strand – mRNA) and translation (the mRNA sequence is used as a template to guide the synthesis of the chain of amino acids which make up the protein). Often, post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation or phosphorylation, occur which are necessary for the biological function of the protein. While the amino acid sequence makes up the primary structure of the protein, the chemical/biological properties of the protein are very much dependent on the three-dimensional or tertiary structure.
Enzymes within the Golgi enclose them in a new vesicle that
buds from the surface of the Golgi apparatus and moderate the proteins apparatus.
The vesicles migrate to the membrane and release their protein to the outside of
the cell. Lysosomes digest and recycle
the waste materials for reuse by the cell.
The Golgi apparatus is often seen as the packaging and distribution
center of the cell.Vesicles transport the proteins from the ribosomes to the
Golgi apparatus, a.k.a Golgi complex, where they are packaged into new
vesicles.
Answer:
look for any bleeding or sores. look at the red legs. diagnosis with red leg disease. prescribe antibiotics orally. follow up in a week. meanwhile keep the frog away from other frogs.
Explanation:
In case of a Natural Disaster, taking the decision about who must receive the benefits of a donation is "a locus of authority".
<u>Option:</u> D
<u>Explanation:</u>
A locus of authority arises when questions are raised about who is accountable or under which jurisdiction anything falls. In the scenario of some health, law or environmental (natural disaster) emergency the central or state governments are responsible for releasing funds to rescue the region by providing basic needs like food, medical aids, etc.
This phase is very important for the head of nation because allocating fund is easy but in right hands is trick, so the authority to whom fund is handover for further processing via right channel and to targeted audience is uttermost priority, also in time.