A closed loop system is one where the ouput of the system is at least part of the input. In a refrigerator, the output of the cooling system (the cold air inside the refrigerator) is measured, and is fed back into the system to determine whether the system needs to continue cooling.
<span>An example of a fridge that was an open loop system would be one that turns on and cools for 1 hour every 6 hours, regardless of internal temperature.</span>
Receptor proteins are molecules inside a cell or on its surface on which ligands bind. A ligand is any substance (e.g. a hormone, drug, functional group) that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a large complex.
Receptor proteins found inside a cell are called internal receptors or intracellular receptors or cytoplasmic receptors.
They act as regulators of mRNA synthesis to mediate gene expression.
When a ligand binds to an internal receptor, the receptor changes in conformation and exposes on itself a site that can bind to DNA.
The receptor joined to the ligand moves into the nucleus where it binds to a specific site on the cell DNA. Once bound, it promotes the process of transcription where information is copied from DNA to mRNA
Answer:
At a level in the spinal cord
Explanation:
The gate theory was elaborated in 1965 by P.D. Wall and r. Melzack, to explain the influence of tactile skin stimulation on pain relief. It essentially admits that there exists in the medullar posterior horns (located behind the central canal of the spinal cord) a gate-acting neural mechanism that can control the passage of nerve impulses transmitted from the peripheral fibers to the CNS through the medulla.
The gate regulates the influx of nociceptive impulses even before a perception of pain is created. The variation in the passage of action potentials (nociceptive) that the gate produces is determined by the activity of the thick (A-alpha and A-beta) and thin (A-delta and C) fibers, as well as cognitive influences.
<span>The ramp has to be 120 meters long.</span>
Answer:
D. If all of the offspring are short-tailed, the unknown individual is the homozygous dominant genotype.
Explanation:
The short tail phenotype is completely dominant over the long tail phenotype. When a short tailed salamander with unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive long tailed salamander, the cross is called testcross. Lets assume that the allele "S" gives "short tail" phenotype while the allele "s" gives "long tail" phenotype.
If the "short tailed salamander" with unknown genotype is homozygous dominant (SS), the process of the testcross will express only dominant trait (cross 1). On the other hand, if the "short tailed salamander" with unknown genotype is heterozygous dominant (Ss), segregation of alleles during gamete formation would form two types of gametes (cross 2). The 50% progeny would express the "long tail" phenotype while rest 50% will express the "short tail" phenotype.