I assume you are referring to the 19-century nationalisms. Nationalist ideas differed in Eastern and Western Europe primarily because of different political circumstances. The common point of all European nationalisms in the 19th century was national unification. For example, the fragmented, small countries on the Italian peninsula sought to unite into a single country because they realized it was their common interest, as in the previous centuries they were separate and more vulnerable to foreign threats. It was a similar situation with German people, who wanted to unite and strengthen their position.
On the other hand, Eastern Europe was settled by Slavic peoples, many of which had lived under the Ottoman Empire. So, their nationalist cause was intended towards liberation from the Turks in the first place, and only then towards creating unified states. For example, the Balkan nations had lived under the Ottoman rule for centuries, and in the 19th century, they managed to overthrow the Ottomans and achieve independence.
After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, his friend Abu Bakr was named caliph and ruler of the Islamic community, or Ummah. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor, while Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali should have succeed Muhammad as caliph.
The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) was led by Abu Bakr, then by Umar ibn Khattab as the second caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan as the third caliph, and Ali as the fourth caliph.
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The first principle I would lay down is that the primary duty rests on the community, through local government and private agencies, to take care of the relief of unemployment. But we then come to a situation where there are so many people out of work that local funds are insufficient.
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Answer:
Kerosene allowed better lighting throughout the country.
Explanation:
When kerosene refinement became possible, kerosene became a very cheap and affordable fuel for virtually all citizens of the country, making it a strong fuel to be used in lamps, when the country did not have an electric lighting system efficient as today.
In some underdeveloped countries where electricity is still deficient or poorly distributed, kerosene is still used to light houses at night when sunlight is not available.
