The correct answer is: B) coal.
Coal is a sedimentary rock black or brown color composed of carbon with variable amounts of other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. The formation of coal goes through two steps: decay of dead plant matter into peat and conversion of peat into coal under the influence of heat and pressure of deep burial.
B
The net result of excretion of H+ in the urine is the __conversion of CO₂ to H₂CO₃__ within the blood.
Explanation:
Excretion of H+ ions from the blood via urine means decreasing the H+ content in the blood. This consequently means the blood pH rises ad becomes more basic (remember H+ ions are responsible for acidity for a solution). For the body to maintain the homeostatic pH of between 7.35 and 7.45, the carbonic anhydrase activity will increase hence dissolving more CO₂ into the blood plasma to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). Carbonic acid dissociated fast into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻. The H+ from the dissociation replenishes the H⁺ to the right concentration.
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I found this article that I think could help you. (https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/DNA-Polymerase-Function.aspx) This is the link.
Yes accumulation of mutation can drive aging process.
Explanation:
The molecular damage that occurs in cells and tissues for a long time due to DNA damage and epigenetic changes gets accumulated in the cell.
This leads to lowering of the homeostasis in the cell during stress conditions and eventually risks of life-threatening diseases as cancers or neurodegenerative disorders develop.
Due to mutation in the gene DNA repair mechanism also gets affected this also contributes to the ageing of cells.
The telomere of the chromosome is shortened after every mitotic division but telomerase enzyme keeps adding the DNA sequence preventing shortening aging and death of the cell. If the mutation occurs in this enzyme it will increase the ageing of cells at high rate.
