It is more expensive to increase the probability of detection than to increase the fine.
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Answer:
The representative's bias
Explanation:
Representatives bias is a cognitive bias. In this bias, an individual will categories the situation on the bases of the previous experience. It is very useful when a person wants to take a quick decision. But it is limited for those who are stereotyped. It includes many representative heuristic biases.
Thus here in the above statement, John gets to know about Michelle who is blonde hair, likes the beach and lived in Newyork. John assumes that she is from California because 85% of students were from California. This is the best example of representative bias
Independent variable
To achieve internal validity, a researcher must design and conduct experiments where only the independent variable can be the cause of the results.
<h3>What are internal and external validity?</h3>
The degree to which a study shows a reliable cause-and-effect relationship between a therapy and a result is known as internal validity. Internal validity also shows that a particular investigation enables the exclusion of competing hypotheses for a finding. Internal validity is not a binary term, either yes or no. Instead, we evaluate how confident we can be in a study's conclusions depending on whether it avoids pitfalls that could cast doubt on the results.
The term external validity describes how effectively the results of a study should be extrapolated to other contexts. In other words, the generalizability of the results is the subject of this form of validity. For instance, are the results generalizable to different populations, environments, circumstances, and eras? Transferability is a different word that describes external validity and a qualitative research design. Whether results apply other circumstances with similar characteristics is referred to as transferability.
Learn more about internal and external validity here:
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The coattail effect is defined as the inclination for a well-known political party pioneer to pull in votes in favor of different applicants of a similar party in a decision. For instance, in the United States, the gathering of a successful presidential hopeful will frequently win numerous seats in Congress also; these Members of Congress are casted a ballot into office "on the coattails" of the president.
On the contrary, a new conception of this tendency is the reverse coattail effect, that initially was a term authored by Ames (1994) and it is more specifically understood as managing the ability of neighborhood party associations to transfer votes to upper dimensions party candidates by focusing on the causal appointive impact of electing a mayor over subsequent statewide relative elections.
A good example of this is the office day national run in Virginia, where as quoted from Huffpost newspaper: “These victories provided an enormous boost to statewide candidates. In districts with highly competitive Delegate races in Virginia, Democratic vote turnout increased by 40 percent. That is a phenomenon that we refer to as “reverse coattails.” Essentially, it means that the folks running for state and local offices were responsible for increasing turnout for statewide candidates like Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Attorney General. In all but one of our Virginia House races, our candidates performed better than Gov. McAuliffe did in 2013.”
Sources:
AMES, B. "The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election." American Political Science Review, v. 88, n. 1, p. 95-111, 1994
Ross Morales Rocketto. “Reverse Coattails’ Is A Real Thing. That’s why we need you to step up on National Run for Office Day. Updated Nov 14, 2017
