General Robert E. Lee, the Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, invaded Union territory in an attempt to persuade the United States into a negotiated peace after a hoped-for decisive and damaging attack on Northern soil.<span> It was also believed that a notable Southern victory in Union territory might have resulted in financial support and recognition of the Confederate cause from England or France. General Lee's first invasion of the North, which took place in Maryland during September of 1862, was repulsed by Union forces at the Battle of Antietam, but it was followed by a second invasion by Lee into Pennsylvania during the months of June and July in 1863.
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Cesar Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights, activist. Cesar Chavez employed nonviolent means to bring attention to the plight of farmworkers and formed both the National Farm Workers Association, which later became United Farm Workers. Chavez believed in nonviolence as a way to create social change.
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Both Andrew Carnegie Mellon and Henry Clay Frick were industrialists and business partners. Carnegie produced steel and Frick manufactured coke (necessary to produce steel). Frick eventually became chairman of Carnegie's company, but Carnegie made several attempts to force him to renounce to his position and disregarded him, and his opinions, on numerous occasions. This is, therefore, an example of the tensions that the industrialization of the U.S. entailed (there were companies that merged with, or sometimes bought, other companies; companies that used black workers and convicts as labor; companies whose workers went on strike; and hostility towards the wealthy industrialists as well as between them).
