Answer:
B. locus ceruleus.
Explanation:
A nucleus present in the pons of brainstem responsible or involved in physiological responses to panic and stress is known as locus ceruleus.
Basically, locus ceruleus is responsible for the primary production of norepinephrine in the brain. The nucleus transfers the norepinephrine to whole cerebral cortex along with various other structures like amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus, and spinal cord.
So, when there is a panic disorder due to norepinephrine dysregulation at the brainstem area which will be definitely locus ceruleus.
Answer:
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
There are two main types of circulatory systems: 1. open circulatory systems and closed circulatory systems. Open circulatory systems are systems where internal organs and body tissues are surrounded by circulatory fluid. This fluid is called hemolymph, and it's pretty much like blood, except that it doesn't contain oxygen transporting cells.
2. The closed circulatory system of some mollusks and all vertebrates and higher invertebrates is a much more efficient system. Here blood is pumped through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries surround the organs, making sure that all cells have an equal opportunity for nourishment and removal of their waste products. However, even closed circulatory systems differ as we move further up the evolutionary tree.
You'll want to double check, but I think it's (a) cotyledon.
