Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city.
After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans–including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals–were leaving every day.
In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei (“Volpos”) patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night.
Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure.
Answer: Winston Churchill gave a speech declaring that an “iron curtain” had descended across Europe, pointing to efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West.
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Explanation:
The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York. In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D.C. For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital.
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The answer is: Advertisers reached more Americans than before, which led to the growth of consumer culture.
Explanation:
The "radio" became very powerful in the <em>1920s.</em> Every American home displayed the radio as a necessity for entertainment.<u> It immediately became a means for many advertisers to reach out to their consumers</u>.
<em>This gave them a chance to reach a broader variety of people. </em>Since this era was a prosperous time for people, the consumer goods increased. Many manufacturers used the radio as a means to advertise their goods and it was indeed an effective method.
Consumption culture grew, <u>whereby people purchased goods by credit. </u>For example, the radio would announce to people that if they cannot afford to purchase a specific good for its price, then they can do so by paying it in installment basis.
Claudius felt the ruin of Athens was due to the fact they refused to grant citizenship to foreigners. In a way, this was probably true, in that by not allowing foreigners to enter they halted the growth of Athens, which meant the city became stagnant
