Answer: 3. Punishing behaviour that deviates from the terminal behaviour
Explanation: shaping procedure is the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired terminal behavior. It usually starts by reinforcing a behaviour that the individual already has and in some way related to the terminal (desired) behaviour; this is the first approximaion. After this is strengthened, the reinforcement is extinguished and then the next behaviour which is a closer approximation is strengthened and eventually extinguished.
This process continues with each approximation closer to the terminal behaviour until the terminal behaviour is achieved. For every step or approximation, the previous reinforcement has to be extinguished in order to move the process closer to the end goal, which is the terminal (desired) behaviour.
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Dr. Smith is conducting a longitudinal case where it is a case being done in a same manner over a long period of time. It could be seen above as Dr. Smith has instructed his representatives to go back every five years to conduct the same measurement in a course of a long period which is until they are sixty years old which could be classified as the longitudinal case.
Group of answer choices a small group of individuals exercises power but remains constitutionally responsible to the public non-democratic.
a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
- This section first explains why a more thorough typology is required rather than a simple binary classification before outlining various nondemocratic regime types. Although it does not attempt to assess the relative efficacy of each type of regime discussed—doing so would necessitate a book unto itself—it does conclude with a sobering reminder of the numerous atrocities done by nondemocratic regimes that should never be overlooked.
- The goal of legitimization is to win the populace's active permission, compliance with the regime's regulations, passive obedience, toleration, or resignation. Legitimation presents at least two significant obstacles for the study of non-democratic regimes. The first criticism is that legitimation is only "window decoration." Accordingly, the autocracies' attempts to legitimize themselves lack substance since they are merely outward manifestations of the violence, coercion, or co-optation the regime is able to wield. Second, it is frequently asserted that the conceptual and methodological challenges involved in its analysis are insurmountable, even though it is widely acknowledged that legitimation is crucial to the continuation of non-democratic government. Understanding the goals, motivations, and consequences of non-democratic regimes makes these obstacles crucial to overcome Having stable legitimacy can shed light on several facets of autocratic rule.
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