Explanation:
Drugs like Novocaine, an ester, inhibit sodium channel ion exchange, leading to membrane depolarization (charges equilibrium). It stabilizes the neuronal membrane preventing transmission of nerve impulses as a local anesthetic to pain centers in the CNS.
Further Explanation:
Neurons have unique structures which aid in facilitating communication by sending and receiving electrical signals very efficiently. Parts of a neuron are separated into the
- dendrites which receive messages from other neurons allowing them to pass and some of the cell body which contains typical cell components like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
- The axon is an insulated (by the myelin sheath) tubular structure which acts as a bridge to price impulses to other neurons these also contain axon hillocks which are junctions between the axon and cell body
- Synapses are junctions where axons connect to dendrites of other neurons at these junctions chemical reactions occur in order to facilitate the passage of information as chemical signals.
- There are several neuron types which include sensory motor and into neurons which bridge the two.
The refractory period describes a period between the initiation of an action potential where Na+ channels are closed, and immediately after the action potential’s peak. Action potentials would require an influx of more positively charged ions; these must be more than a specific threshold in order to have the cells send along more action potentials which helps with figuring out stimulus intensity.
Potassium ions readily diffuse out of the cell more quickly than sodium due to the presence of more channels which allow for potassium leakage. The sodium-potassium pumps in neuronal membranes bring more Na+ out than K+ ions into the cell; with every three sodium ions pumped out two potassium ions are brought in- this is in order to maintain the negatively charged membranes within the cell along with the resting potential
At synaptic junctions:
- The action potential travels along the membrane until the synapse where it’s electrical depolarization leads to the opening of channels allowing only sodium ions to enter
- these flow through a presynaptic membrane until the concentration is built up, activating ion-sensitive proteins attached to vesicles containing neurotransmitters
- this leads to changes in the proteins leading to the fusion with the membrane of the presynaptic cell, so vesicles are open and neurotransmitter is released. The neurotransmitter diffuses across to chemical receptors on the presynaptic cell where they bind temporarily
- This leads to activation of specific complexes, enabling the transmission of information. Thus, the chemical signal is transferred through this neuron as an electrical impulse
Learn more about the autonomic nervous system at brainly.com/question/10386413
Learn more about neurotransmitters at brainly.com/question/9424160
Learn more about homeostasis at brainly.com/question/1601808
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