Answer:
Nutrient cycle is a process of movement, reuse or recycling of nutrients in that particular environment. They are for both living and nonliving things, elements like carbon, oxygen are recycled through such cycles.
Nutrient cycle in an ecosystem involve:
- carbon cycle
- nitrogen cycle
- oxygen cycle
- phosphorus cycle
Solution:
4.2 x 10^6 bp/10^3 bp/seconds = 4.2 + 103 s which is 4200 seconds and equivalents to 70 minutes
In addition, assuming a pause of 2 seconds for re initiating after completing every okazaki fragment and assuming the okazaki fragments average 1000 nucleotide long.
4.2 x 10^6 bp/10^3 bp = 4200 okazaki fragments 4200 * 2 seconds = 8400 seconds which is 140 minutes or 2 hours 20 minutes of pauses alone.
Therefore, overall time would be pauses plus the 70 minutes so total time of 210 minutes. Assuming that the replisome completely disassociates from the DNA after every okazaki fragment and must spend one-minute rebinding.
4200 okazaki fragments. 60 seconds rebinding time per fragment: 4200 x 1 minute = 4200 minutes rebinding time plus 70 minutes for actual replication. 4200 minutes is 70 hours which is almost 3 days.
Answer:
Alcohol fermentation
Explanation:
When oxygen availability is low, the cell can't perform aerobic respiration to breakdown glucose. Instead, anaerobic respiration must be performed. This occurs in cells which consume large amounts of energy, such as muscle cells. Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy than aerobic respiration
One type of anaerobic respiration formed by yeast is called alcohol fermentation (also called ethanol fermentation). This begins with glycolysis, where one molecule of glucose is broke down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The energy from this reaction generates 2 molecules of ATP, and converts NAD+ to NADH.
Then, the two molecules of pyruvate are further broke down into 2 acetaldehydes (releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide as a by-product). These two molecules of acetaldehyde are then converted into tw molecules of ethanol, using the H ions from NADH, converting it back to NAD+. See the attached picture
This process is taken advantage of to brew beer and wine.
Answer:
See the answer below
Explanation:
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal body processes. This is done in two ways
- <em>Negative feedbacks</em>
- <em>Positive feedbacks</em>
Negative feedback returns body processes back to normal after the process has been breached. An example is when the body temperature becomes too high or too low. At too high temperature, vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels occurs and more heat is lost to the surrounding from the skin, sweat is also produced by sweat glands and evaporation of the seat causes cooling. At too low temperature, vasoconstriction occurs leading to the conservation of more heat. The muscles also shake to generate more body heat
Positive feedback ensures that a breach of body processes reaches completion. An example is when a pregnant woman starts laboring. The increase in the amount of oxytocin in the blood leads to the contraction of the uterus consequently leading to the opening of the cervix. More and more oxytocin leads to more frequent and stronger contraction of the uterus untill the baby is born.
