Answer:
Explanation:
HPV DNA replication during its life cycle occurs in three separate phases (reviewed in [1, 2]). After viral entry into the cell nucleus and the activation of viral gene expression, the viral genome copy number increases to several hundred copies per cell during the initial phase of genome amplification.
Answer:
The options A, B, and D are all valid.
Explanation:
- The reason is that some proteins require molecular chaperones if they are to fold properly within the environment of the cell. In the absence of chaperones, a partially folded polypeptide chain has exposed amino acids that can form non-covalent bonds with other regions of the protein itself and with other proteins, thus causing nonspecific aggregation of proteins.
- The option A) is correct because the protein you are expressing in bacteria is being made in large quantities, it is possible that there are not enough chaperone molecules in the bacterium to fold the protein. Expressing the protein at lower levels might increase the amount of properly folded protein.
- The option B) is correct as urea should solubilize the protein and completely unfold it. Removing the urea slowly and gradually often allows the protein to refold. Presumably, under less crowded conditions, the protein should be able to refold into its proper conformation.
- The option C) is not correct as treating the aggregate with a protease, which cleaves peptide bonds, will probably solubilize the protein by trimming it into pieces that do not interact as strongly with one another; however, chopping up the protein will also destroy its enzymatic activity.
- The option D) is correct because overexpressing chaperone proteins might increase the amount of properly folded protein.
- The option E) is not correct as heating can lead to the partial denaturation and aggregation of proteins to form a solid gelatinous mass, as when cooking an egg white, and rarely helps solubilize proteins.
Convection is the transfer of energy by movement of a medium, whereas radiation is the transfer of energy by, well, thermal radiation. Conduction also requires a medium, but, again, it is a fundamentally different mechanism than either convection or radiation; in this case it is the transfer of energy through a medium.
hope this helps!
Answer:
Pic 1: Less water is lost by transpiration
Pic 2: Large surface area to volume ratio so that the maximum amount of sunlight can be absorbed for the leaf to photosynthesise.
Pic 3: Tiny 'hair' that traps water vapour.
Answer:
A Gamete contains only a single (haploid) a set of chromosomes.
Explanation:
Because the two common gametes are sperm and ova
