It first started with the Pearl Harbor Attack and was officially announced by Roosevelt in the Quarantine Speech.
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Public administration is the more general term, while bureaucracy refers to a particular organizational form, and especially to the ideal-type model developed by Max Weber. As the concept was developed by Weber, bureaucracy was meant to be the highest level of development of rational-legal governance.✨
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They made the European community unite against Napoleon.
One the one hand , we have the revolutionary vision of Napoleon of bringing new ideas into neighbouring and distant European nations. Napoleon himself declared_"I wished to found a European system...a European Code of Laws, ..: there would be but one people in Europe," With the Napoleonic Wars, the nations had to assemble in order to balance power, thus, giving birth to famous treaties and conventions such as the Treaty of Paris and Vienna. With increasingly many political opponents, the Europeans tried to banish the specter of Napoleon and its influence so either from the perspective of Napoleon or his opponents, a common European space was born.
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January 25 – Battle of the Zab: Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali defeat the Umayyads near the Great Zab River. ... Almost the entire Umayyad Dynasty is assassinated; Prince Abd al-Rahman I escapes to Al-Andalus. The Abbasids assume control of the Islamic world and establish their first capital at Kufa.