In this definition, distinctive means in the same situation, people will react differently. Characteristic in this definition means the stability (consistency) of the thoughts, behavior, and feelings of a person overtime and in different kind of situations.
In psychology, personality is defined as distinct differences in characteristic sequence of feeling, behaving and thinking.
Yes taxes affect the policy by increasing or decreasing the amount of income the government receives.
Insurance, if you have mileage limits, preparing for weather, choosing the car.
The excessive money spending by the government. There is no free lunch. If the government spend too much money in something, it is not going to have money to attend other needs.
2 and 3 represents main ideas from the article