Bakke sued the University of California , and they were stating that the school's medical admission policy was violating The Civil Rights Act and The 14th amendments promise of the equality protection clause. The California's supreme court ruled in the favor of Bakke, by rejecting their policy. They agreed, the policy was against people of race, "No applicant may be rejected because of his race, in favor of another who is less qualified..."
It would help if your question included context. In what time period are you looking at "new campaign methods." There was, for instance, the campaign of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson had lost the election for the presidency in 1824, when no candidate gained a majority of the electoral vote, and Congress gave the victory to John Quincy Adams even though Jackson had received the greatest percentage of both the popular vote and Electoral College vote. Jackson called it a "corrupt bargain," and when he ran again in 1828 he promoted the idea of greater democracy that would listen to the voices of all voters rather than continuing to follow a system that seemed to favor elite establishment leaders. Jackson founded a new political party, the Democratic Party. Prior to that, and after the Federalist Party had disbanded, there was a single main political party that functioned, the Democratic-Republican Party. So a big campaign change in 1828 was the reintroduction of two-party competition. The main idea espoused by Jacksonian democracy was to allow common Americans to have more influence in the political processes. His campaign methods reached out to the masses of white males who were voters at the time. (Women did not have voting rights then, and African-Americans were still living under slavery.)
A different context for your question might be the most recent election, in which campaign methods using electronic media platforms were seen to play a strong role in advancing the candidacy of Donald Trump. How much that was good or bad for democracy is much on the minds of Americans now, as investigations about the 2016 election campaign are taking place.
Karl Marx. he wrote the Communist Manifesto along with Friedrich Engels in 1848.
Due to lack of supplies and the fact that their leader had abandoned them, the settlement failed.
