In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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Answer:
d a discrete combination of traits, for example Masaai cattle herding.
Explanation:
A cultural complex consists of different cultural traits that together create a 'culture'. Thus, a cultural complex can be defined as a group of cultural traits that are functionally interrelated. A cultural trait can in turn be defined as any acquired knowledge that is learned by social interaction and interpersonal relationships. Moreover, a cultural pattern occurs when cultural traits and cultural complexes associate each other in functional roles.
Primary producers use an energy source (usually sunlight) to build organic molecules.
Semipermeable means only certain substances can pass through. I imagine you are talking about cell membranes which are semipermeable. This means vital things like oxygen and nutrients are able to pass through the membrane, while not allowing everything to enter the cell
