<u>Answer:</u>
Carbon is found in hydrosphere in the form of dissolved carbon in ocean and sea water during the gas exchange process.
<u>Explanation:</u>
- Carbon cycle is the process of transformation of carbon in different forms. From atmosphere, the carbon gets into hydrosphere during the gas exchange processes.
- During this gas exchange process, the carbon is dissolved in the ocean water which is later utilized by marine plants to conduct photosynthesis.
- There is a continuous transformation of carbon from lands, plants to atmosphere and from atmosphere to hydrosphere.
Laurentia<span> (</span>North American Craton<span>) is a large continental </span>craton<span> that forms the ancient geological core of the </span>North American<span> continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate </span>continent<span> as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of </span>Greenland<span> and also the northwestern part of </span>Scotland, known as theHebridean Terrane<span>. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and </span>supercontinents<span> and itself consists of many smaller </span>terranes<span> assembled on a network of Early </span>Proterozoic orogenic<span> belts. Small </span>microcontinents<span> and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable </span>Precambriancraton seen today.
During infection with Listeria, an intracellular bacterium, APCs will present antigen on MHC II molecules and triggers a phagocytic property by stimulating the release of macrophages.
What is the role of macrophages in Phagosomes?
Phagosome maturation was formerly regarded to be a very simple notion that described how much phagosomes had united with lysosomes.
- Unfortunately, this assumption is no longer valid because phagosomes are now known to interact with a variety of intracellular organelles during their maturation process.
- Proteins, such as the NADPH oxidase complex that creates the superoxide burst, may be seen being assembled on the phagocytic cup even before they are fully formed.
- When the phagosome closes and the maturation process begins, it becomes increasingly acidic and hydrolytically active, and it transiently fuses with the recycling endosomal system, the secretory system, including secretory lysosomes, multi-vesicular bodies such as the MHC class II (MIIC) compartment, and even the endoplasmic reticulum.
Learn more about phagosome here, brainly.com/question/15607257
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Hotspots can appear in oceans around the world or anywhere there is a hotspot they don't need to be near plate boundaries like most volcanos
b. Mutation is always harmful to an organism’s survival.
Explanation:
when mutation occur they can cause termination (death) of an organism or they can be partially lethal. this means that a organism has difficulty adapting to and surviving in its environment.
NB: mutations are usually the cause of many diseases and defects in an organisms life
hope this helps
