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Assoli18 [71]
3 years ago
7

Smokers are at higher risk for tooth loss. In smokers, the periodontal tissues are continuously exposed to more than 4,000 toxin

s in smoke. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false In smokers, the periodontal tissues are continuously exposed to
Social Studies
1 answer:
const2013 [10]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

The correct answer is A. Both statements are true.

Explanation:

Cigarettes contain more than 4000 toxins such as carbon dioxide, nicotine or cotinine that are extremely dangerous for our oral hygiene. Smoking is the principal actor for gum bleeding, which is likewise the leading cause of periodontitis, one of the major problems that can lead to tooth loss. Smoking can hide the effects that gum disease generates, the reason why smokers might not see the real effects until it is too late.

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*20 POINTS*
RideAnS [48]

The African countries lacked infrastructure and other technologies which were responsible for challenges in the African countries.

<u>Explanation:</u>

Even after getting independence, the African countries could not see much growth and development even though these countries were geographically rich in minerals and resources.

Because there were not much infrastructure available for the growth and development and moreover there was not much technology available for the development which could increase the productivity of those countries for increasing the goods manufactured and develop the economy by increasing the efficiency or effectiveness of the countries.

7 0
2 years ago
Why have some criticized utilitarianism on the basis that it is the ‘morality of swine’? How does Mill address this objection?
Elodia [21]

Answer:

Explanation:

As a theory, utilitarianism is usually thought to start with Jeremy Bentham, however, similar ideas were evident in the writings of David Hume in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1)and Francis Hutchinson, whom David Hume studied under, in his An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (2). Utilitarianism tells us an act is moral insofar as it creates the greatest good for the greatest number. It tells us to take the amount of happiness distributed between sentient beings and look at which distribution is going to maximise the amount of happiness. It gives a systematic answer. Throughout the past two centuries utilitarianism has been very influential within practical disciplines of politics and economics. As a result, utilitarianism has had an influence modern life, particularly public policy. What could be more important when making political deliberations than aiming to make people’s lives better and less unhappy?

One of the first utilitarian theorisers, Jeremy Bentham, is famously credited for being the founder of the doctrine. Bentham defined utility as “instrumental to happiness”. He believes that all judgements of good and bad can be based on pleasure and pain. He is seen as an advocate of psychological hedonism. In his famous introduction of An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1979), Bentham states “Nature has placed man under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.” Therefore, pain and pleasure provide the basis for his moral theory of ‘what we ought to do’. Initially, he began his career by studying law and then moved on to moral ethics in order to advise legislators. He was primarily interested in improving the law and his goal for the legislator was the utilitarian principle or the greatest happiness principle. Therefore, his advice was not initially aimed for individuals and their life choices but for the legislator. Although Bentham sees pleasure as the key of explaining how human beings act, he relies more often on the concept of pain when constructing his legal theory. While he does endorse act-utilitarianism, his ‘sanction-based’ theory of obligation is more applicable to the legal system he was so interested in improving.

John Stuart Mill is also one of the most well-known utilitarian thinkers and defenders of the theory. His celebrated thoughts can be found in his famous essay: Utilitarianism. Mill observes something of a crisis in moral thinking. Philosophical thinkers have been unable to come to a consensus on the principle of what constitutes right and wrong. Mill argues that having such a foundation is necessary to legitimise morality. This is why the theory of utilitarianism is so important.

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill categorise and measure utility and pleasure in different ways. Bentham uses the hedonic calculus which decides the value of pleasure by seven measures of quantity: duration, intensity, certainty or uncertainty, remoteness or propinquity, fecundity, extent and purity. Bentham is well-known for his treating of all pleasures as of equal value. By this he means not that all pleasures are of exactly equal, but that the legislator who his work on utilitarianism is aimed at should not be valuing one pleasure above another.

John Stuart Mil’s idea of higher and lower pleasures has been viewed as flawed in itself. It has been criticised as a self-serving idea. For example, an intellectual will view his preferred enjoyments as a higher, more important pleasure. Therefore, as an intellectual, it could be argued that Mill himself is biased towards what constitutes as higher and lower pleasures.

6 0
2 years ago
Why do you suppose fitzgerald links the behavior of the characters to the hottest day of the summer?
vlabodo [156]
This is based on "The Great Gatsby", a novel that was written by <span>F. Scott Fitzgerald. And in this novel, Fitzgerald connects the behavior of the characters to the hottest day of the summer because of the way they acted. They were so heated and are angry that makes this linked to the hottest day.</span>
5 0
3 years ago
______ is a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individ
EastWind [94]

Answer:

Organizational behavior is the field of study devoted to the understanding, explaining and improvement of factors within an organization.

Explanation:

Organizational behavior centers on the study of an<em> individual and a group,</em> as well as <em>performance within an organization</em>. It tries to understand and explain the attitudes and behaviors which occur between individuals and groups.

It studies human behavior in the work environment, as well as their interactions.

4 0
3 years ago
The Chinese believed a ruler kept the Mandate of Heaven by
Leokris [45]
They must be kept in check with virtue 
3 0
3 years ago
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