One type of active transport is called cotransport. In cotransport, the energy available from an ion moving through a transport
protein down its electrochemical gradient is coupled with the movement of another solute (small polar molecule or ion) through the same protein but against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. The solute that is being transported against its gradient may move into the cell or out of the cell (but not both), depending on the type of transport protein that catalyzes this process. Before beginning this tutorial, watch the clip of the Membrane Transport animation showing cotransport of sodium and glucose. Which statement accurately summarizes a feature of passive transport?
a- It makes the cell interior and exterior more different from one another.
b- It is a spontaneous process.
c- It involves no change in entropy.
d- No membrane proteins are involved.
Passive transport is the type of transport of substances across the plasma membrane that occurs without energy expenditure and occurs spontaneously. There is no energy expenditure during passive transport because substances naturally move from the more concentrated to the less concentrated medium, ie in favor of the concentration gradient.
Substance transport occurs until concentrations inside and outside the cell are equalized.
According to this conceptualization we can conclude that the correct answer to your question is the letter B.
individual viruses don't carry translational machinery, namely, the proteins needed to read their DNA and RNA and build new viruses. They invade a cell and hijack its genetic tools to do it for them.
In the thylakoids of the grana, light reactions take place and in the stroma , dark reaction takes place. So all in all, in both places together photosynthesis is carried out
