Answer:
The cell membrane, or in plant cells, the cell wall
Explanation:
In a plant cell the cell wall helps maintain structure, and in animal cells, the cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell and acts as a structure
I think biotic but im not sure
Answer:
1. Height
2. Girth
Explanation:
The woody plants grow in two manners: the primary growth and secondary growth.
The primary growth is considered the type of growth which increases the height of the plant which involves the apical meristem present at the tip of the shoot.
When the height increases up to its maximum length, then secondary growth begins which add tissues to the side that is it increases the girth by adding bark, secondary xylem and phloem.
Thus, Height and Girth is correct.
<h2>b) option is correct </h2>
Explanation:
- Some bacterial toxins cause disease by altering the activity of G protein, cholera toxin is one of them
- Cholera toxin catalyse ADP ribosylation of Gs and blocks GTPase activity thus Gs GTP become permanently active
- Constitutive activation of Gs protein continuously induce adenylyl cyclase, cytosolic cAMP level rises that leads to activation of protein kinase A (pKA)
- Activated pKA catalyse phosphorylation of two transmembrane proteins of intestinal epithelial cells:
- CFTR cause excessive outflow of Cl- ion and Na+ H+ exchange cause efflux of Na+ ion, both enters in gut and form Na+ Cl-
- Na+Cl- leads to outflow of water from the gut, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration and this condition may cause death of organisms due to loss of water and ions
