Highwall mining is often used when excavating an open-pit mine becomes too expensive. There are many advantages over underground mining, including the fact that it is both more cost-effective and involves less lead time.
Answer:
Not 100% sure but I think its the Barail Range. This would affect them by the mountain acting almost like a barrier between them. So they didn't have much interaction.
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Extremely hot, forms in mantle, known as lava in surface, contains dissolved gasses