The Homestead Act signed in 1862 opened the settlement in the western US, encouraging Americans including freed slaves, provided they never took up arms against the US government, could claim up to 160 acres of federal land under the basis that land had to be cultivated or use to build a house.
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Company colonies (aka charter colonies) were specifically governed by a trade company authorized by the king. These had more independence in their government.
Proprietary colonies were appointed by the King to a proprietor to govern. These were responsible to the King.