Answer:
d. extrinsic motivation
Explanation:
Operant conditioning can be defined as an associative learning process which involves reinforcing the strength of a behavior. Thus, the outcome depends on the response in operant conditioning.
Behavior modification is a therapeutic process that is focused on changing any undesirable negative behavior in an individual through the use of positive or negative consequence and biofeedback.
Behavior modification is typically based on operant conditioning principles, through negative or positive reinforcement, undesirable behaviors developed by an individual are mainly replaced with more desirable ones.
Behavior modification can also be used to correct human behaviors or disorders such as enuresis (bed-wetting), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), phobias, etc.
In Psychology, when an extrinsic motivation (incentive) reduces an individual's intrinsic motivation to participate in an activity or express a behavior, it is known as the overjustification effect. Extrinsic motivation includes external incentives such as a prize, money, grades, fame that influences an individual's behavior.
Hence, the overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of extrinsic motivation.
Answer:
hieroglyphics are pictures that represent words.
The Enlightenment encouraged political and social change by emphasizing the rights and freedoms of all human beings.
On the political front, this meant challenging oppressive monarchies and aristocracies, and led to more representational and constitutional forms of government. Locke and Rousseau (quoted in the examples) were strong advocates of the people's sovereignty in political affairs.
On the social front, the emphases of the Enlightenment meant challenging institutions such as slavery and promoting greater tolerance of differences between individuals and points of view. Especially in regard to religion, Enlightenment figures like Voltaire preached tolerance rather than religious persecution. The example quotes Mary Wollstonecraft speaking out against slavery. She also spoke up for the rights of women ... but that social change wasn't advocated by most male Enlightenment figures and would take time to gain supporters. Woman's suffrage movements didn't become strong until a century after the Enlightenment.