According to Pope Urban II, the best way to get people to unite is to give them a common enemy.
Pope Urban II pitched the Crusades as a religious duty with a side of fighting.
The Black Death was most likely spread through Western Europe by rats and their fleas.
The Black Death was the second major epidemic of its time. The first known epidemic of of the disease that also caused "The Black Death" was The Plague of Justinian.
The main way in which artisan guilds changed labor and social class in medieval Europe is that it gave the artisans, who were mostly members of the lower class, more power--since these guilds acted somewhat like a modern "union" and helped them negotiate better pay.
They wanted America to defeat Central Powers
There was a destruct of, carthage, the enslavement of its population, and roman hegemony over the western mediterranean.
