a); and c). During Chandragupta II reign, great impulse was given to arts and science. One of the main scholars of the time was Aryabhata, who came up with the concept of zero and discovered the ratio of pi. He also worked in demonstrating that the earth moves around the sun instead of otherwise.
<span>By refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, city bus in 1955, black seamstress Rosa Parks (1913—2005) helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States. The leaders of the local black community organized a bus boycott that began the day Parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws. Led by a young Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the boycott lasted more than a year—during which Parks not coincidentally lost her job—and ended only when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. Over the next half-century, Parks became a nationally recognized symbol of dignity and strength in the struggle to end entrenched racial segregation.</span>
Answer:
The issue of slavery gradually shook the foundations of the two-party system of the Whigs Democrats. Its noticeable aggravation occurred as a result of the adoption in May 1854 of a bill on the incorporation into the United States of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, located north of 36°30, the border of slavery, established by the Missouri compromise of 1820. The initiator of the bill was the Democratic Party. It was based on the doctrine of "sovereignty of the settlers", according to which the status of slavery in the new states was to be determined by the population.
The doctrine of the "sovereignty of the settlers" that appeared in the political arsenal of the democrats in the late 40s, is difficult to be give an unambiguous assessment. Putting it forward, the leadership of the Democratic Party was looking for ways to ensure internal political stability and achieve a new compromise between the North and the South. On the other hand, the initiators of the bill assured the population of the North that the flow of settler farmers would undoubtedly exceed the influx of slave owners into new territories, which guarantees the future accession of these territories to the Union as free states. However, the Democratic leadership’s calculations for attenuation of disputes about slavery did not implement.
The center of gravity for all opponents of slavery was the new Republican Party. The Republicans entered the political arena with a program of radical reconstruction of the country's socio-economic structure through territorial restrictions on the institution of slavery. During these years, many moderately opposed opponents of the spread of slavery in Western territories feared the radicalism of the Republican Party.
Moderate positions on the issue of slavery determined the election of Lincoln as a compromise Republican presidential candidate in the 1860 election. Lincoln, thanks in large part to the split in the Democratic Party, which nominated two candidates, managed to get ahead of his rivals in the elections and become president of the United States. The first Republican president won the election, mainly due to support from the North.
Explanation:
An Order-in-Council signed by King George III on July 20, 1764, said that the boundary between New Hampshire and New York is the west bank of the river. The order was intended to settle a dispute between New York and New Hampshire in which each claimed the territory that later became the state of Vermont. The disputed territory had been governed for 15 years as a de facto part of New Hampshire, but the king's order awarded it to New York. On January 15, 1777, Vermont issued its declaration of independence, creating the independent Vermont Republic. On August 20 and 21, 1781, Congress expressed conditions that must be met before the then-still unrecognized but de facto independent state could be admitted into the Union. Among the conditions was that Vermont must give up its claims to territory east of the river. On February 22, 1782, Vermont's legislature complied, and the Supreme Court's opinion in 1933 cited that act.
