A linguist studies language in a scientific way; so not just a certain language like Spanish, Mandarin or such, but how a language is written, communicated, it's forms, etc.
Geographic means physicals features of the land in this case you look at only the negatives of this like big bodies of water mountains and steep terrain these made it difficult because some settlers didn't have horses or were traveling in large groups wich could contain elderly and young children
It was challenging because there wasn't many tools then and not a lot of relying resources. As early New England was developing, some crops would die off from livestock eating it, and lack of knowledge of what they were farming. This was some major things in the development of new England's agriculture.
The groups that would be excluded from this widening of political opportunity would be any group that is denied the right to vote, whether this means they are oppressed or in prison, etc.
