Answer;
ATP.
The generation of ATP occurs by Chemiosmosis.
Explanation;
In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase.
As these protons move through ATP synthase, ADP is turned into ATP.
The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum.
Explanation:
The order of strata in the epidermis:
- Basale: it is the deepest stratum. It has one layer of cells called keratinocytes, which are stem cells for the epidermis.
- Spinosum: The keratinocytes in this layer have spiny shapes. They synthesize cytokeratin and lipids. In this layer, we can also find macrophages.
- Granulosum: The keratinocytes of the previous layer ascend and synthesize keratohyalin, which is in granules. The keratohyalin helps to join keratin filaments. Also, the cells release the lipids synthesized in the previous layer, and they form a barrier that stops dehydration.
- Lucidum: it is only on thick skin, like the one in the sole of the feet. The keratinocytes in this layer have expelled the nucleus and now are dead cells. The keratinocytes have a flat shape and form a thin layer.
- Corneum: it is the most superficial layer. It is made of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin in their cytoplasm. It is a thick layer that suffers desquamation when new dead cells filled with keratin ascend from the previous layer.
Answer:
The best answer to the question: The preferential use of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine in the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes leads to increased:___ would be, D: All of the answers are correct.
Explanation:
There is still a lot of debate among scientists as to the exact way in which phospholipids are distributed between the two leaflets of a cell´s plasma membrane, but what they do know is that there are four kinds, and that phosphatidylinositol (a sterol) and phosphatidylethanolamine appear most commonly on the cytosolic, or cytoplasmic side of the membrane. They also believe that it is this particular arrangement which allows the cytoplasmic side of the membrane to be slightly negatively charged and this role will play a major part in a membrane´s ability to generate an action potential. Also, it is known that these negatively charged ends of the bilayer will allow certain proteins, positively charged ones, to be inserted, and connected to it, to become transporters, or mediators in action potentials and normal activities of cells. Finally, since fatty acids and cholesterol are associated with phospholipids, but have a tendency to be attracted to these particular two types, they tend to give the overall structure fluidity, but also permit the inner leaflet to assume its particular circular shape around the cytoplasm. This is why the answer is D.
