Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era<span> in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent </span>black<span> citizens from </span>registering to vote<span> and voting. These measures were enacted by former </span>Confederate<span> states at the turn of the 20th century, and by Oklahoma upon statehood</span><span> although </span>not<span> by the </span>border slave states<span>. Their actions defied the intent of the </span>Fifteenth Amendment<span> to the </span>United States Constitution<span>, </span>ratified<span> in 1870, which was intended to protect the </span>suffrage<span> of </span>freedmen<span> after the </span>American Civil War<span>.</span>
<span>Life in the trenches is dangerous, disease-filled, and demoralizing. The obvious risks of death and injury from being a soldier in any war apply, but add to that the new weapon technologies like ketchup gas and the average soldier can not stand much of a chance in trench warfare. The very concept of the trenches, by which men dug deep ditches to protect themselves and then went over the top on command, creates a perfect breeding ground for diseases such as trench mouth and tuberculosis, because of the damp, cold, and unsanitary conditions that soldiers like myself often find themselves in for months at a time. Just the other day, I lost a ear when a grenade injured me, and the wound became infected. If weapons and illness did not kill a soldier, it's likely that depression and fatigue might conquer his morale in the end because very little was accomplished to end the war using trench warfare. Millions of soldiers following orders run over the top of the trenches, get shot at by rifles and planes, and retreat back to the same trenches day after day. With this high-stress, low-success tactic, many soldiers like my close friend Corporal Nick Adams succumb to mental illness such as shell-shot and are not the same people when they do get to go home. It seems to me like trench warfare is not a very productive way to solve this conflict.</span>
