I'll say that it is +1 since hydrogen is desperate to lose an electron to fulfill the octave rule (that the molecules want to gain 8 electrons and if they can't do it, they want to lose all their electron). Electron is - so if it lose a electron, it becomes +.
Hopefully this helps.
PS. I'm not certain of my answer but it is logical.
The energy produced from flow of water or "Hydro-power" is different to energy produced from iron, petroleum and coal as it is a clean and renewable form of energy. Hydro-power is derived from the kinetic energy of the natural flow of water like in the case of a water mill whereas the other forms listed require combustion of the fuel source that produces harmful gases leaving a negative impact on the environment. Also, hydro-power is one of the cheapest forms of energy production.
However, it should be noted that large-scale production of electrical energy from flowing water known as "Hydroelectric Power" uses man-made dams to store water in lakes as a source of potential energy. These dams can also have a negative impact on the environment as the natural flow of water is restricted. Some scientists also suggest that the construction of a dam leads to an increase in the number of earthquakes in and around the area of construction.
Answer:
Crossing over
Explanation:
During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair to form bivalents. The chromatids of bivalents may form intimate contact points called chiasmata. At the chiasmata breakage may occur and exchange of chromatids segments between non sister chromatids may take place. This is crossing over ad results in new gene combinations causing variations.
Really, there are multiple questions all rolled into one.I will try to answer them patiently and systematically.
First summarize data.
A. Neither Olivia nor Marcus have freckles (recessive, ff)
B. Both are heterozygous for the hairline trait (dominant Ww)
C. Neither Marcus nor Olivia can roll their tongues (rr).
D. All four children have dimples (dominant Dx)
E. Both Olivia and Marcus are EE (unattached earlobe trait).
F. Marcus can not detect the bitter taste (pp for PTC gene)Olivia has been found to be able to detect the bitter taste, but she is heterozygous for the trait. (Pp for PTC gene)
A. Freckles, F (Dominant)
"Neither Olivia nor Marcus have freckles" =>
both have genotype ff.
None of the children have freckles (i.e. P(F)=0% for freckles in all children)
B. Widow's Peak, W (dominant)
"Both are heterozygous for the hairline trait"
So both have genotype Ww.
Punnett square
W w
W WW Ww
w Ww ww
Since W is a dominant trait, only ww (25%) will have straight hairline, 75% will inherit the widow's peak.
50% of the children will be homozygous (Ww).
C. Rolling tongues, R (dominant)
"Neither Marcus nor Olivia can roll their tongues"
means that both are homozygous recessive, with genotype rr.As in freckles, all children will have genotype rr, so none of them will roll their tongues.
None will be heterozygous. The whole family's genotype is rr.
D. Dimples, D (dominant)
"D. All four children have dimples"
implies that all children have genotype DD or Dd.
It is likely that at least one parent has genotype DD in order to have 100% of children have DD or Dd.Here are some possibilities
Case 1: DD + DD (both homoozygous dominant)
D D
D DD DD
D DD DD
Phenotype: 100% have dimples
Case 2: DD + Dd (one homoozygous dominant, and other heterozygous)
D d
D DD Dd
D DD Dd
Phenotype: 100% have dimples
Case 3: DD + dd (one homoozygous dominant, and other homozygous recessive)
D D
D DD DD
d Dd Dd
Phenotype: 100% have dimples
Case 4: Dd + Dd (both heterozygous)
D d
D DD Dd
d Dd dd
Phenotype: 75% have dimples, 25 do not.Note: all 4 children could have dimples, with probability 31.6%
Case 5: Dd + dd (Heterozygous + homozygous recessive)
D d
d Dd dd
d Dd dd
Phenotype: 50% have dimples, 50 do not.Note: All four children could have dimples, with probability 6.25%.
Case 6: dd + dd (Both homozygous recessive)
D d
d dd dd
d dd dd
Phenotype: all children have no dimples.
Conclusion:Likely genotypes of parents: DD+DD, DD+Dd, DD+dd
Possible genotypes of parents: Dd+Dd, Dd+dd
Impossible genotype of parents: dd+dd
Therefore we know with certainty that at least one of the parents has dimples.
E. Unattached Earlobe trait, E (dominant)
"Both Olivia and Marcus are EE"
(i.e. unattached earlobe trait).
This means that the whole family will have genotype EE, i.e. all are homozygous dominant, and have unattached earlobes.
F. Bitter taste, P (incomplete dominance)
"Marcus can not detect the bitter taste (pp for PTC gene)
Olivia has been found to be able to detect the bitter taste, but she is heterozygous for the trait. (Pp)"
P p
p Pp pp
p Pp pp
Probability for each single child being able to taste the ptc paper is 1/2.
Probability for all children being able to taste the ptc paper is (1/2)^4=1/16.
If Violet cannot taste the ptc paper, her genotype is pp.
We do not know for sure how many of the children can taste the ptc paper.
The most like situation is only half of them can taste, so do the parents. Therefore, half of the family can taste the ptc paper.
Finally, as to "please answer it correctly", I believe I did. :)
