I am not sure but I am guessing carbon and nitrogen :)
The correct answer is d: a
target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.
The response of a cell to a hormone depends on the cell’s receptor and a signal transduction. When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane, a second messenger is activated in the cytoplasm. The second messenger has a role of triggering signal transduction leading to the cellular response. Lots of different signal transduction processes (for example, different intracellular proteins) are used to coordinate the behaviour of target cells.
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Where the picture but,The Plasma membrane maintains the homeostasis throughout a cell because it <span>filters what substances go in and out of the cell. </span>
Populations evolve and individual organisms do not. Evolution occurs through natural selection and survival of the fittest as populations evolve traits that better suit their environment.
Some ways to reduce stress is Walking your dog it’s great to reduce pressure and stress,Another way is Going for a bike ride and getting fresh air, watching a movie or a tv show is great to get your mind of everything that is making you stressed. meditation include better focus and concentration, improved self-awareness and self-esteem, lower levels of stress and anxiety, and fostering kindness. Meditation also has benefits for your physical health, as it can improve your tolerance for pain and help fight substance addiction
