The variable that records the exact time at which each probationer has arrived is a continuous variable.
When a variable is continuous, it means that there is an infinite number of possible values. Times are measured by decimal numbers with can present infinit values because, for instance, one subject might arrive at 2pm 30min 24,01 seconds and the following at 2pm 30min 24,00001 seconds.
One the other hand, a finite number of values is available in discrete variables. For example, a variable measuring the gender of the subjects is discrete because it contains only two possible values: man/woman.
Substance abuse affects and costs the individual, the family, and the community in significant, measurable ways including loss of productivity and unemployability; impairment in physical and mental health; reduced quality of life; increased crime; increased violence; abuse and neglect of children; dependence on non-familial support systems for survival; and expenses for treatment. The physical and mental health and social consequences of alcohol and other drug use by women can seriously affect their lives and those of their families (HHS/SAMHSA, 1997a). Not only are women, especially young women, beginning to close the gap between female and male consumption of alcohol and other drugs, they suffer earlier and more serious consequences. Women become intoxicated and addicted more quickly than men and develop related diseases earlier (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1996).
Answer:
Escape training/conditioning.
Explanation:
The <em>Skinner box</em> or operant conditioning chamber is a <em>laboratory system created to study animal behavior by American psychologist B. F. Skinner</em> (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990).
It has a mechanism that <u>conditions</u> animal behaviour by subsequent introduction of reward or punishment. In this example, the rat is <u>conditioned or in other wards is trained to escape punishment</u> in the form of the electric shock by pressing the bar.
American university students typically spend one year apiece as freshman, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. This is an example of fixed socialization which is a socialization tactic.
In general, the term "socialization" refers to the process of social influence by which a person adopts the culture or subculture of their group and, in the process, shapes their sense of self and personality.
Socialization is the process by which people learn how to function effectively in a society. It explains how people learn about cultural expectations and standards, how they grow to believe what society believes, and how they become conscious of societal ideals.
Learn more about socialization here
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