Answer:
In Europe from the Balkans to the Urals, Reneo Lukic and Allen Lynch analyse the political processes that led to the disintegration of the Yugoslav, Soviet and Czechoslovak states and the international consequences that have flowed from these three collapses. The authors, who have delved deeply into primary and secondary sources in more than half a dozen European languages, look in particular at the role that 'federalism' played in the collapse of these once communist states. They conclude that the ethno-federal constitutional and administrative structure of these multinational states—that is, the fact that the various federal territories were defined in explicitly ethnic terms (the Ukrainian republic; the Slovak republic; the Slovenian, Croatian, and Serbian republics, etc.) played a catalytic role in propelling the disintegration of the Yugoslav, Soviet and Czechoslovak states along nationalist lines. The absence of democratic representation, or indeed of any substantial civic representation along non-national lines in these multinational states, meant that when communism collapsed the state would collapse with it.
<span>New York City and Long Island which the British had control over from 1776 to 1783, had the largest population of Loyalists. None of the Colonies were labeled "all loyalist" or "all patriots". </span>
C seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges
He postulated that all the continents were once joined together in a single landmass and had since drifted apart.
He stated in his book that " the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic, as it keeps spreading, is continuously tearing open..."
Portugal because it was mostly Spanish people that had colonies in South America
Progressive Politics and Calls for Reform
What does it mean to be a Progressive? Simply put, Progressives advocate change or reform. Politically speaking, Progressives believe that the government should be responsive to the needs of its citizens in order to improve conditions in government and society. During the Progressive Era, from around 1900-1917, reformers sought to end abuses of power in politics and government.
Local Political Reforms
Many large cities were controlled by political machines, which were organizations that controlled the activities of a political party. Under city bosses, political machines were able to corrupt the city governments by bribing judges, providing contracts to businessmen in return for favors, and filling city jobs with political supporters, regardless of their qualifications. Special interest groups, such as labor unions and trade associations, lobbied for reform and stood up to the power of the political machines. Sometimes the political machines took on reforms themselves in order to maintain influence and keep their organizations in operation.
