Quick Answer. Collagen is the protein that all animals have in common, even single-celled animals and creatures such as sponges that lack differentiated bodies. Collagen is a cable-like protein that can calcify into bone, shell or other hard structures.
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Answer:
Cells are sometimes referred to as "life's atoms" because there the basic units of life. All cells are surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane — which, serves as a clear boundary between the cell's internal and external environments.
There is only one measure of "evolutionary success": having more offspring. A "useful" trait gets conserved and propagated by the simple virtue of there being more next-generation individuals carrying it and particular genetic feature "encoding" it. That's all there is to it.
One can view this as genes "wishing" to create phenotypic features that would propagate them (as in "Selfish Gene"), or as competition between individuals, or groups, or populations. But those are all metaphors making it easier to understand the same underlying phenomenon: random change and environmental pressure which makes the carrier more or less successful at reproduction.
You will sometimes hear the term "evolutionary successful species" applied to one that spread out of its original niche, or "evolutionary successful adaptation" for one that spread quickly through population (like us or our lactase persistence mutation), but, again, that's the same thing.
Basically all of the choices given are failure of negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the last option or option "E". I hope that this is the answer you were looking for and it has come to your help.
D) laboratory experiments because every experiment needs a control and a variable.
