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Answer:
inward shift in the supply curve.
Explanation:
= I = S + (T-G). shift in the supply curve.
D. All of these can be changed in the long run
Answer:
B) the issuance of bonds.
Explanation:
Equity which represents the amount owed to the owners of the business includes retained earnings (which is the accumulation of the net income/loss over the years less dividends paid) and common shares.
As such, the sale of additional shares of stock, net income and declaration of dividend are typical reasons for changes in shareholder's equity however, the issuance of bonds is a liability (usually non-current).