Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Answer:
Long beaks of medium ground finches allows them to opt for alternate sources of food in times of extremities while this is not the case with the cactus finches.
Explanation:
The medium ground finches have larger beaks and thus apart from small seeds they can also break open the large seed. In case if the small seeds get scarce, a medium ground finch can still survive by taking advantage of feeding on alternate source of food but small beaked birds such as cactus finches shall die out of starvation.
This adaptation of medium ground finches gives it a survival advantage over the cactus finches
Answer:
O True
Explanation:
Ecosystem engineers are able to modify the surrounding environment, either by creating new habitats or modifying/destroying existing ones to adjust them to their needs. These species can significantly alter their environments, having a large impact on the species richness as well as modifying the availability of abiotic factors (e.g., water, space, etc) of a particular area. In certain environments, ecosystem engineers can even act as keystone species. Some examples of ecosystem engineers include, among others, beavers, woodpeckers, corals, etc.
