Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS1) is a rare hereditary disorder that leads to a predisposition to cancer. This hereditary disorder is
linked to mutations in the tumor suppressor gene encoding the transcription factor p53. p53 acts at the G1 checkpoint. If damaged DNA is detected, p53 halts the cell cycle. As p53 levels rise, the production of p21 is triggered. p21 enforces the halt in the cell cycle. A variant of Li-Fraumeni, called LFS2, is thought to occur due to a mutation of the CHK2 gene, which is also a tumor suppressor gene. CHK2 regulates the action of p53. Which of the following cascades is most likely to occur in a normal cell that does not contain the LFS mutation?
In a normal cell with no LFS mutation, during the G1 stage of cell cycle progression, the CHK2 activates if there is damage in the DNA. CHK2 activates p53, which is a tumor suppressor protein that will hold the cell cycle in G1/S until the DNA is repaired. The p53 protein activates p21, a protein that binds to CDK2 and stops the cell cycle. The cell cycle will continue once the damage is repaired.
Organisms are part of an environment and are continually adapting to the changes to live. These environmental changes and the adaptation play a major role in evolution of organism.
Fertilizers can be deterimental to the environment. Excess use of fertilizers will result in eutrophication in the water body. Water body being more enriched with nutrients will result in excessive growth of aquatic plants. This also result in algal bloom in which algae grows on the surface of water body because of this atmospheric oxygen not able to reach the aquatic plants, hence results in oxygen depletion.
