Hi!
Standards are what help ensure that hardware and software made by different vendors can work together.
Hopefully, this helps! =)
Answer:
(a)
Assuming the one-time pad P is used to XOR the message M to get ciphertext C, the following holds:
M ⊕ P = C
P = C ⊕ M
this is a basic property of how XOR works.
(b)
P = M1 ⊕ C1
then M2 = C2 ⊕ P
(c)
The attacker can make assumptions about the message (e.g., presence of certain words and spaces) and then calculate which pad would be needed to get them in the ciphertexts. He then has two ciphertexts that should yield valid content, making it much more easy to guess the pad.
Explanation:
