The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called contextual fear conditioning and requires intact hippocampi .
Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in rodents is the most widely used behavioral paradigm in neuroscience research to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning and memory. It is based on the pairing of an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g. mild footshock) with a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g. context of the test chamber) in order to acquire associative long-term memory (LTM), which persists for days and even months. Using genome-wide analysis, several studies have generated lists of genes modulated in response to CFC in an attempt to identify the "memory genes", which orchestrate memory formation. Yet, most studies use naïve animals as a baseline for assessing gene-expression changes, while only few studies have examined the effect of the US alone, without pairing to context, using genome-wide analysis of gene-expression. Herein, using the ribosome profiling methodology, we show that in male mice an immediate shock, which does not lead to LTM formation, elicits pervasive translational and transcriptional changes in the expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) in dorsal hippocampus (such as Fos and Arc), a fact which has been disregarded by the majority of CFC studies. By removing the effect of the immediate shock, we identify and validate a new set of genes, which are translationally and transcriptionally responsive to the association of context-to-footshock in CFC, and thus constitute salient "memory genes".
The hippocampi or historically the cornu Ammonis, is an important component of the human brain, situated in the temporal lobe. It plays a role in information processing and the reproductive cycle and is involved in Alzheimer disease.
Learn more about Contextual fear conditioning and hippocampi here
brainly.com/question/15078148
#SPJ4
The Mandate of Heaven was a concept established long before the unification of China, <u>it believes </u><u>Heaven </u><u>will provide the chinese people with just rulers</u>, it was applicable to both emperors and kings and could be inherited by their heirs but it didn't require the ruler to be of noble birth, only that he be recognized as a good and powerful leader (imperial dinasties such as the Ming and Han were founded by lowborns), <u>poverty and natural disasters could be evidence that the Mandate of Heaven was lost</u>, weakening the ruler's authority.
I believe it is D. Subjunctive Mood. she is doubtful that her and mary will make it in time for the movie. Hopefully it is right!
Answer:
Is C. Interest
Explanation:
Interest is the right answer, Credit card companies often take in interest before the user pays of the principle to ensure higher profit margins in the long-run.