My 2 cents below, I tried to think through the other ones:
A. Yes, because an amino acid change has occurred.
(A gene mutation occurred, not an amino acid change)
B. Yes, because all mutations change the resulting protein.
(Sounds correct. Gene -> mRNA -> protein)
C. No, because the amino acid sequence has not been changed.
(The gene mutation means the amino acid sequence <em>has</em> changed)
D. No, because mutations in the DNA do not affect the mRNA sequence.
(They do so)
The answer is D) HCl produced inside the stomach to aid in digestion
5. Because of rain and oxygen, if a set of tools is left outdoors in the rain for a long time, it will rust.
6. Yes, I believe it is possible for any of the earth materials scenes to be affected by both mechanical and Chemical weathering, but I am more positive about #5.
Answer:
genotype is responsible for establishing phenotype
Explanation:
When Mendel experimented with pea plants, concept of genes and alleles had not come up yet. Through his experiments Mendel first proved that some type of combination in cells leads to a particular phenotype.
He coined the term "factors" which are today known as alleles. These factors paired up and displayed a particular phenotype. Today we know that the alleles are responsible for a genotype which ultimately results in a phenotype. Hence, he established that genotype is responsible for establishing phenotype even before the term genotype was coined.
Answer: 37 chromosomes.
Explanation: As is typical of mammals, llamas are diploid organisms, meaning that the number of chromosomes in each of their somatic cells is exactly twice of that found in the gametes (the so-called haploid number, referred to as "n"). If a particular species has 74 chromosomes in its somatic cells, we should expect to find 74/2=37 chromosomes in each gamete.