<span>A(n)PRIMITIVE CHARACTER is one present in the common ancestor and all members of the group
Primitive character is also known as ancestral character in phylogenetics. It is defined as a characteristic that has undergone little change since time immemorial and is inherited from a common ancestor of a clad.
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<span>Any physical or psychological event that produces stress</span>
Answer:
The correct answer is D) short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
Explanation:
Each B lymphocyte has an antigen receptor (BCR: B cell receptor), a surface immunoglobulin (IgM or IgD), that binds to specific domains of the antigen called antigenic determinants or epitopes. Only B lymphocytes with a high antibody affinity for the antigen, and which are capable of processing and presenting it, will be positively selected. In this contact between the two cells, an exchange of chemical signals takes place that leads to the activation, clonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells into two sister subclones: one of antibody-secreting plasma cells, and the other of memory primed B cells. Therefore, only these last positively selected B lymphocytes will survive, proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, synthesizing and secreting antibodies of a single isotypic class, with a unique specificity and high affinity, improving the ability to adhere to the antigen and, thus , neutralize and destroy pathogens.
In order to create energy from oxygen, the cells must undergo a process called cellular respiration which occurs in the mitochondria. The mitochondrion will use the oxygen, along with glucose, to create carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
In order for energy to be able to be created, ATP(adenosine triphosphate) needs to form in either photosynthesis or krebs cycle from ADP + P(from NADPH). When ATP is available, huge amounts of energy are released when needed by slicing one P atom from ATP So that it can again become ADP and undergo lots of processes to become ATP again. So energy is added from tearing of Phosphate Atom due to tearing of phosphoanhydride bonds. This is possible because of process known as hydrolysis, when ATP is in equilibrium with water and some electrons. And the process of ADP becoming ATP is recharging and occurs in mitochondria.
The processes are hydrolysis and rechargeation, but most important process is Krebs Cycle, where all of this happens.
