This is a result of industrial or commercial activity which affects other parties without this being reflected in market prices. It is used to refer to the cost or benefit received by a third party. In a externality situation, the third party has no control over the creation of the cost or benefits.
Roads maintained with tax on gasoline has no externality. This is because the tax is imposed on the road users through tax. There is no third party benefiting or incurring cost from the maintenance of of road with tax on gasoline.
Apart from the other options which are good examples of externality, a common one used to explain the term is a person smoking cigarette, which can create passive smoking for those around.
Explanation: On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, decimating the US Pacific Fleet. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war.
America becomes a refugee and more famous in the 18's especially for many Europeans who seek for new home in the new world called the Americas. In that time many problems like crisis brought by wars make living hard so they escape and migrate in the New World.
The America's welcome them and help them to create home in the Estados Unidos.
