Answer:
Option C==>were not motivated to demonstrate it without reinforcement .
Explanation:
Edward Tolman was a Psychologist and was born on the 14th day of April, in the year 1886 in Massachusetts, United States of America and he died on the 19th of November, in the year 1959 in California, United States of America.
One of his works which deals with the solution to this question is about Cognitive maps and in order to establish his theory he made an experiment with rats by putting those rats in a maze for 17 days.
Edward Tolman divided this rats into three different groups.
(1). In one, for the full 17 days he made sure that whenever the rats goes out and meet a dead end he gives them food.
(2).In the second, for the full 17 days he gives no food to the rats.
(3). In the third, for the first 10 days he did not give the rats any food whenever they reach dead end and the remaining 7 days he gives them food.
In the third scenario, as the rats moves finding their way in the maze they were not rewarded for the first 10 days and this lower their motivation to and therefore they can not demonstrate their what they have learned about the maze.
Note that: the food is the reinforcement.
