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Katarina [22]
3 years ago
14

Abraham lincoln's primary impact on the construction of the transcontinental railroad was to

History
1 answer:
telo118 [61]3 years ago
5 0

He helped Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which authorized the construction of a transcontinental railroad. The first such railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. ... Four of the five transcontinental railroads were built with assistance from the federal government through land grants.

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국가가 어떻게 형성되었는지 ......​
podryga [215]

Explanation:

Creating a country

Another complicating factor in setting up a country is the fact that, for one territory to become a new state, another already existing sovereign state must lose some of its territory. That would violate the laws and norms of territorial integrity. These are some of the oldest and most steadfast rules underpinning the international system.

Recognition of a new state essentially means legally recognising the transfer of sovereignty over a territory from one authority to another. An international body, including the UN, cannot just take away territory without the permission of the original “host” state. To do so would be a violation of one of the defining rules of the system of states.

Kosovo, for example, declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but even to this day it doesn’t have sovereign statehood – despite more than half of the UN’s member states recognising its independence. This is largely because Serbia still claims sovereign control over the territory, although other factors are certainly also at play. In the same way, Iraq would have to relinquish sovereign control over territory in order for Kurdistan to become a state.

There are obvious competing and contradicting legal principles here. In at least one instance, these contradictions appear together within the same law. Indeed, what we find is that there is no clear legal path to obtaining sovereign statehood. There is also no legally established mechanism for who determines whether a territory becomes a sovereign state. So we have to look at previous examples to work out how it’s done.

Catalan president Carles Puigdemont addresses an independence rally. EPA

The world’s most recent states are South Sudan, which was recognised in 2011 and East Timor, which was recognised in 2002. In the early 1990s, there was a wave of new states due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. In 1993, Eritrea also became a state after a decades-long war with Ethiopia, which had annexed Eritrea in 1962. Prior to that, the world’s new states emerged out of the shifting or collapse of empires, most notable with the end of colonialism.

For East Timor and South Sudan, and in many ways Eritrea, statehood was part of attempts to resolve another problem: violent conflict. In all three cases, the host state (Indonesia for East Timor; Sudan for South Sudan; Ethiopia for Eritrea) agreed to relinquish control of the territory as part of negotiated peace agreements.

All of these new states obtained sovereignty after the disappearance of their former sovereign power, or with the permission of their former sovereign power. What they all have in common is that they became states in order to resolve some kind of problem, meaning there was some international benefit to their recognition. For the world’s newest states, their recognition was more of a political act than a legally defined process.

Translation

설명:

국가 만들기

국가를 설정하는 또 다른 복잡한 요소는 한 영토가 새로운 국가가 되려면 이미 존재하는 다른 주권 국가가 영토의 일부를 잃어야 한다는 사실입니다. 그것은 영토 보전의 법률과 규범을 위반하는 것입니다. 이것은 국제 시스템을 뒷받침하는 가장 오래되고 가장 확고한 규칙 중 일부입니다.

새로운 국가의 승인은 본질적으로 한 권위에서 다른 권위로 영토에 대한 주권 이전을 법적으로 승인하는 것을 의미합니다. UN을 포함한 국제기구는 원래 "주최" 국가의 허가 없이 영토를 빼앗을 수 없습니다. 그렇게 하는 것은 국가 시스템의 정의 규칙 중 하나를 위반하는 것입니다.

예를 들어 코소보는 2008년 세르비아로부터 독립을 선언했지만 오늘날까지도 UN 회원국의 절반 이상이 독립을 인정하고 있음에도 불구하고 주권 국가가 없습니다. 이는 주로 세르비아가 여전히 영토에 대한 주권을 주장하고 있기 때문입니다. 물론 다른 요인도 작용하고 있습니다. 마찬가지로 이라크는 쿠르디스탄이 국가가 되려면 영토에 대한 주권을 포기해야 합니다.

여기에는 명백한 경쟁적이고 모순되는 법적 원칙이 있습니다. 적어도 한 경우에 이러한 모순은 동일한 법칙 내에서 함께 나타납니다. 실제로 우리가 발견한 것은 주권 국가를 획득하는 명확한 법적 경로가 없다는 것입니다. 또한 영토가 주권 국가가 될지 여부를 누가 결정하는지에 대한 법적으로 확립된 메커니즘이 없습니다. 그래서 우리는 그것이 어떻게 이루어졌는지 알아내기 위해 이전의 예를 살펴보아야 합니다.

카탈루냐 대통령 카를레스 푸이그데몬트(Carles Puigdemont)가 독립 집회에서 연설하고 있다. EPA

세계에서 가장 최근의 국가는 2011년에 인정된 남수단과 2002년에 인정된 동티모르이다. 1990년대 초반 소련의 붕괴와 유고슬라비아의 해체로 새로운 국가의 물결이 일어났다. 1993년에 에리트레아도 1962년에 에리트레아를 합병한 에티오피아와의 수십 년 간의 전쟁 끝에 하나의 국가가 되었습니다. 그 이전에 세계의 새로운 국가는 제국의 이동 또는 붕괴에서 등장했으며, 가장 두드러진 것은 식민주의의 종식과 함께였습니다.

동티모르와 남수단, 그리고 여러 면에서 에리트레아에게 국가는 또 다른 문제인 폭력적 갈등을 해결하려는 시도의 일부였습니다. 세 가지 경우 모두 주최국(동티모르의 경우 인도네시아, 남수단의 경우 수단, 에리트레아의 경우 에티오피아)은 협상된 평화 협정의 일환으로 영토 통제를 포기하는 데 동의했습니다.

이 모든 새로운 국가는 이전 주권이 사라진 후 또는 이전 주권의 허가를 받아 주권을 획득했습니다. 그들 모두의 공통점은 그들이 어떤 종류의 문제를 해결하기 위해 국가가 되었다는 것입니다. 즉, 그들의 인정에 국제적 혜택이 있다는 의미입니다. 세계의 최신 국가들에게 그들의 승인은 법적으로 정의된 절차라기보다 정치적 행위에 가깝습니다.

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