Answer:
DNA restriction enzymes cut the DNA molecule, while DNA ligases join the resulting DNA fragments
Explanation:
Transformation is a naturally occurring process by which bacteria incorporate exogenous genetic material from their surrounding environment. This process (transformation) is used for DNA cloning via plasmid vectors. In DNA cloning, transformation occurs after restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sequences named palindromic sequences (i.e, sequences that can be read the same in opposite direction). Restriction enzymes can generate sticky-ends, where enzymes make staggered cuts in the two strands (e.g., <em>BamH</em>), or blunt ends, where the resulting strands are of the same length (e.g., <em>HaeIII</em>). In general, sticky-end enzymes are more useful because they generate a 3' overhang in one molecule and a complementary 5' overhang in the other, increasing the yield and specificity of ligation. During ligation, a DNA ligase is used to join both DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds in the plasmid. Following transformation, bacteria can be selected on antibiotic plates.
An orbit is my best guess lol
<span>The movement of fluids between cellular compartments is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces.</span>
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Hydrostatic pressure<span> is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall which causes movement of fluid between compartments. This pressure is important for exchanging plasma and nutrients between capillaries and surrounding tissues</span> and also in the nephrons (kidneys) where ensures proper filtering of the blood to form urine.</span> <span>Fluid also moves between compartments along an osmotic gradient (the difference in concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane to that on the other side). Water constantly moves into and out of fluid compartments via osmotic gradient.</span>
The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae are primarily responsible
