Answer:
G1/S checkpoint
Explanation:
G1/S checkpoint is one of the points in the cell cycle, between growth phase 1 and DNA synthesis phase, where a cell that has been damaged is sensed by DNA repair enzymes and further degraded by apoptosis. In cancer cells, there is mutation in these DNA repair enzymes and thus nothing to correct the cells from dividing even when damaged and thus there is no arrest of division and cells continue dividing
Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
A biome is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it. 5 - 12+ Earth Science, Geography, Physical Geography.hope this helps,got it from google !
The answer is lithosphere.
