Answer:
Bacteria provides vitamins to humans
Explanation:
The correct answer would be that bacteria provides vitamins to humans.
<u>By definition, mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both benefit from each other.</u>
Bacteria in the gut of humans that provides vitamins to humans also benefit by making the human gut their shelter. While the vitamins represent an important nutrient to humans for their proper functioning, the shelter is also necessary for the bacteria for their safety.
<em>Hence, the observation that bacteria provide vitamins to humans is consistent with the argument of researchers that some bacteria found in the human gut are in a mutually beneficial relationship with humans.</em>
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
hope this helps
rate brainiest
Answer:
1. Are usually single-celled.
2. Do not contain membrane-bound organelles
3. Have DNA located in cytoplasm
Explanation:
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms which have the following characters:
1. They lack a true nucleus and hence, they do not have their genetic material enclosed in a nuclear membrane-bound nucleus, rather it is present in the cytoplasm.
2. They lack all the membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
3. They are usually. very small in size and hence are microscopic.
Examples include all the bacterias.
