It means they constantly interact with each other and with their environment and are dependent upon each other for survival.
Hope this helps you out :)
<span>10% rule (efficiency between trophic levels): limits how long an ecosystem's food chain can be
Predator/prey
cost benefit analysis (i.e. foraging) -- cost is risk of being eaten or
killed along the way, benefit is energy/nourishment obtained: limits
distribution of predator v. prey
Immigration/Emigration with other populations and ecosystems
Island
biogeography: size of land and distance from another
population/ecosystem (mainland): limits population size and variability
on island</span>
Answer:
A. to remove waste
Explanation:
The purpose of reproduction is to create offspring. Offspring will naturally carry the characteristics of the parents. When offspring are born they create the next generation and keep a species alive. The excretory system removes waste.
Explanation:
energy flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.
Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. it includes e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
