May Fourth Movement, intellectual revolution and sociopolitical reform movement that occurred in China in 1917–21. The movement was directed toward national independence, emancipation of the individual, and rebuilding society and culture.
In 1915, in the face of Japanese encroachment on China, young intellectuals, inspired by “New Youth” (Xin qingnian), a monthly magazine edited by the iconoclastic intellectual revolutionary Chen Duxiu, began agitating for the reform and strengthening of Chinese society. As part of this New Culture Movement, they attacked traditional Confucian ideas and exalted Western ideas, particularly science and democracy. Their inquiry into liberalism, pragmatism, nationalism, anarchism, and socialism provided a basis from which to criticize traditional Chinese ethics, philosophy, religion, and social and political institutions. Moreover, led by Chen and the American-educated scholar Hu Shi, they proposed a new naturalistic vernacular writing style (baihua), replacing the difficult 2,000-year-old classical style (wenyan).
These patriotic feelings and the zeal for reform culminated in an incident on May 4, 1919, from which the movement took its name. On that day, more than 3,000 students from 13 colleges in Beijing held a mass demonstration against the decision of the Versailles Peace Conference, which drew up the treaty officially ending World War I, to transfer the former German concessions in Shandong province to Japan. The Chinese government’s acquiescence to the decision so enraged the students that they burned the house of the minister of communications and assaulted China’s minister to Japan, both pro-Japanese officials. Over the following weeks, demonstrations occurred throughout the country; several students died or were wounded in these incidents, and more than 1,000 were arrested. In the big cities, strikes and boycotts against Japanese goods were begun by the students and lasted more than two months. For one week, beginning June 5, merchants and workers in Shanghai and other cities went on strike in support of the students. Faced with this growing tide of unfavourable public opinion, the government acquiesced; three pro-Japanese officials were dismissed, the cabinet resigned, and China refused to sign the peace treaty with Germany.
As a part of this movement, a campaign had been undertaken to reach the common people; mass meetings were held throughout the country, and more than 400 new publications were begun to spread the new thought. As a result, the decline of traditional ethics and the family system was accelerated, the emancipation of women gathered momentum, a vernacular literature emerged, and the modernized intelligentsia became a major factor in China’s subsequent political developments. The movement also spurred the successful reorganization of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), later ruled by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), and stimulated the birth of the Chinese Communist Party as well.
Nationalist Party, also called Kuomintang, Wade-Giles romanization Kuo-min Tang (KMT; “National People’s Party”), political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then.
Originally a revolutionary league working for the overthrow of the Chinese monarchy, the Nationalists became a political party in the first year of the Chinese republic (1912).
The Great Plague transformed Europe because it caused people to be very cautious not to catch the deadly disease and later on, it killed thousands of people which made some people feel lucky to be alive. This also has made an impact on history because this is such an important time that we hear about and we find it very interesting that a sickness could have killed thousands.
An important innovation initiated by Wilson was a complete reorganization of the financial and banking system and monetary circulation. Today, it is difficult for Americans to imagine what kind of financial turmoil reigned in their country from the time of the Civil War until the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, about seven thousand banks were functioning. Gold and silver coins, certificates, notes of the National Bank were in circulation, and all the monetary circulation was under the full control of Wall Street.
To harmonize the financial system with the needs of the economy, Wilson was pushing for a law to create the Federal Reserve System (Fed), which serves as the central bank of the United States. The President adhered to the “golden mean.” He listened to the advice of conservatives and, for the sake of the effective functioning of the financial system, agreed to create 12 regional federal banks. However, the stumbling block was the principle of forming the Fed's board, which, according to the personal plan of Wilson and his progressive advisers, was supposed to regulate its activities. The president had to withstand the extraordinary pressure of banking tycoons accusing him of trying to strip them of control of their property. But he did not make any concessions, considering the appointment of the composition of the board of the Federal Reserve System solely the competence of the president. Therefore, in the management of the Fed, although its ownership is private, the state plays a significant role.
In medieval Europe, a code of ethics known as chivalry developed which included rules and expectations that had the nobility.
<h3>What is medieval chivalry?</h3>
Chivalry was first developed as a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at medieval chivalry wars in the 11th and 12th centuries. By the later Middle Ages, illuminated manuscripts had helped establish chivalry as a system of values that permeated almost every Chivalry aspect of aristocratic culture. very polite, honest, and kind behavior, especially by men toward women. the system of behavior followed by knights in the medieval period of history, put a high value on honor, kindness, and courage: the age of chivalry. The Arthurian legend revolves around the Code of Chivalry which was adhered to by the Knights of the Round Table- Honour, Honesty, Valour, and Loyalty.
So we can conclude that Chivalry originally referred to the medieval knight's code of honor but today references a range.
