In a bottom-up approach, managers should have a high level of controllability and a high level of involvement in budget setting.
<h3>What is a bottom-up budget approach?</h3>
- Bottom-up budgeting is a method of creating budgets that begins at the departmental level and works its way up.
- Each department within the organization must create a list of the supplies it requires, the projects it intends to complete throughout the upcoming fiscal year, and cost projections.
<h3>What is top-down and bottom-up budgeting?</h3>
- Departments must create budgets in top-down planning while adhering to the limitations imposed by senior leadership.
- Departments produce their own budget estimates and submit them to top leadership in a bottom-up budget.
- The two strategies are the two types of budgeting that are most frequently used.
<h3>What is bottom-up approach in accounting?</h3>
- Bottom-up forecasting is a technique for predicting an organization's future performance by beginning with basic company information and moving "up" to revenue.
- This strategy begins with thorough customer or product data before expanding to revenue.
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The various functions of MNC are:
Promotion of foreign investment.
Technology transfer.
Promotion of exports.
Investment in infrastructure.
Answer:
$414,282.91
Explanation:
The issue price of the bonds is also known as the Present Value (PV) or current price of the Bonds and is calculated as :
FV = $440,000
PMT = ($440,000 x 9%) ÷ 2 = $19,800
P/yr = 2
N = 9 x 2 = 18
I/yr = 10%
PV = ?
Using a Financial calculator to input the values as above, the PV or issue price will be $414,282.91
Answer:
They have increased the importance of production economies of scale.
Explanation:
Flexible production allows the manufacture of different types of products in the same industrial production line. This makes companies lower costs by avoiding tool change, time savings, and industry structure.
This type of economy fits into the description of economies of scale. Economies of scale are those where the increase in production results in a decrease in the average cost of the product. Increasing production - by including more products on the production line - without a proportional increase in the factory's installed capacity leads to a reduction in the average cost of production, ie it is an economy of scale.
Answer:
primary source of law, oral, and repetitive
Explanation:
In legal terms, custom and usage is a doctrine widely used in commercial law, since they are a long established practice which many courts consider unwritten laws. Laws are formal and always written, but custom and usage is not formal nor written.
Usage refers to the general repetition of a certain act, while custom refers to the rules that result from such repetitions and usage.
